Dithered m by n clock dividers

ABSTRACT

A method for dithering a fractional clock divider includes generating a first clock enable sequence based on a seed pattern of M ones and N minus M zeros, selecting a cyclic rotation of the seed pattern after N input clock cycles, and generating a second clock enable sequence based on the cyclic rotation. A clock gate receives the input clock signal and the clock enable sequences and outputs M clock cycles for every N input clock cycles. A random number generator indicates the cyclic rotation of the seed pattern. The seed pattern can be replaced with an updated seed pattern of M ones and N minus M zeros in a different order. In some examples, the clock enable sequence is generated using a cyclic shift register containing the seed pattern and a multiplexor. In other examples, the clock enable sequence is generated using a modulo N counter and a comparator.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This divisional application claims priority to U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/269,473, filed Feb. 6, 2019, which application claimspriority to India Provisional Application No. 201841043950, filed Nov.20, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/786,099 filed Dec. 28,2018, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND

Multifunctional integrated circuits (ICs) often combine analog anddigital circuits and signals, requiring the IC to support multiplesampling rates. In the example of a wireless transceiver circuit, adigital signal chain receives a signal through the analog front-endcircuit, which is converted to a digital signal by an analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC) at a first sampling rate. The digital signal is thenprocessed by downstream filters in a decimation chain which operate at asecond sampling rate that is a fraction of the first sampling rate. Inanother example, interpolation stages in an interpolation chain in thewireless transceiver circuit operate at a third sampling rate that is afraction of a fourth sampling rate corresponding to a digital-to-analogconverter (DAC). Some ICs support multiple ADC and DAC sampling ratesand multiple interface rates within the same IC, such that multiple dockfrequencies are needed. The different sampling rates and correspondingclock frequencies can result in coupling spurs due to digital activitycoupling to analog activity and introducing artifacts such as samplingclock jitter, which in turn degrade the spurious free dynamic range(SFDR) of the IC. For example, an ADC with a sampling rate of three gigasamples per second and digital logic running at 750 MHz (megahertz)might show interleaving spurs every 750 MHz due to the digital activity.To avoid spurs, the comparatively low frequency digital activity isdistributed randomly on high frequency clock edges using randomized, ordithered, clock division. The low frequency clock is generated as arational factor of the high frequency clock. Where the IC supportsmultiple high frequency ADC/DAC rates and multiple interface rates, morethan one rational factor and associated dithered clock division isrequired.

SUMMARY

A method for dithering a fractional clock divider includes generating afirst clock enable sequence for a clock gate based on a seed pattern ofM ones and N minus M zeros, selecting a cyclic rotation of the seedpattern after N clock cycles, and generating a second clock enablesequence for the clock gate based on the cyclic rotation of the seedpattern. A clock gate receives the input clock signal and the clockenable sequences and outputs M clock cycles for every N input clockcycles. In some examples, the cyclic rotation of the seed pattern ischosen by comparing a value of a modulo N counter using a comparator,such that the comparison results in a value of one only once every Ninput clock cycles, and when the comparison results in a value of one,generating a random number between zero and N minus one. The randomnumber indicates the cyclic rotation of the seed pattern. In someexamples, the seed pattern is replaced at infrequent intervals with anupdated seed pattern of M ones and N minus M zeros in a different orderthan the original seed pattern.

In some examples, the clock enable sequences are generated using acyclic shift register containing the seed pattern and a selector logiccircuit, such as a multiplexor, that receives each bit of the cyclicshift register as an input. The selector logic circuit receives aselector signal indicating which input to the selector logic circuit,which bit of the cyclic shift register, to output over the next N inputclock cycles. To generate a different clock enable sequence, a newselector signal is sent to the selector logic circuit, indicating adifferent input to the selector logic circuit, a different bit of thecyclic shift register, to output over the next N input clock cycles. Insome examples, the random number from the random number generator servesas the selector signal. In some examples, the clock enable sequences aregenerated using a kQ modulo N counter and a comparator, such that theresult of the comparison is the seed pattern. To generate a differenceclock enable sequence, the value of the kQ modulo N counter isoverwritten, effecting a cyclic rotation of the seed pattern. In someexamples, the random number from the random number generator isoverwritten into the kQ modulo N counter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a detailed description of various examples, reference will now bemade to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example dithered integer clock divider waveformaccording to one embodiment.

FIGS. 2A-B illustrate an example dithered M by N clock divider with anexample clock enable sequence generator according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example dithered M by N clock divider waveformaccording to one embodiment.

FIGS. 4A-B illustrate an example dithered M by N clock divider with anexample clock enable sequence generator according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example dithered M by N clock divider waveformaccording to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein is an example clock divider and an example clock enablesequence generator for randomized fractional clock division. Some ICscombine analog and digital circuits and signals, which requires the ICto support multiple sampling rates and by extension, multiple clockfrequencies. Some ICs implement multiple clock frequencies using clockdividers, which generate low frequency output clocks from a highfrequency input clock. Dithering of the low frequency output clocksdistributes the comparatively low frequency digital activity randomlyover the high frequency input clock edges, protecting the SFDR of theIC. Some ICs require fractional clock division, e.g., three output clockcycles for every seven input clock cycles. The ratio of output clockcycles to input clock cycles is described as the M/N division factor orM/N ratio. Some M/N ratios, such as 1/N which outputs one clock cyclefor every N input clock cycles, is relatively easy to implement anddither. However, other M/N ratios, such as 3/7, are more difficult todither.

The clock enable sequence generator in the disclosed examples issuitable for implementing any rational M/N division factor and does notrequire “brute force” dithering, which stores all possible “N choose M”patterns of M ones and N minus M zeros for allowing M out of N clockcycles in a look up table and randomly chooses a pattern to implementevery N clock cycles. “Brute force” dithering quickly becomes infeasiblefor multiple M/N ratios within a single IC, as it requires a separatelook up table for each M/N ratio. Similarly, storing all possiblepatterns of “N choose M” is infeasible for high M/N ratios; for example,an M/N ratio of 16/27 requires a 43 megabyte look up table. Instead, theclock enable sequence generator in the disclosed examples chooses asingle “N choose M” pattern and randomly selects one of the N possiblecyclic rotations of that single “N choose M” pattern every N clockcycles as the enable sequence for a clock gate. This dithers the outputclock signal across the input clock signal and spreads the digitalactivity uniformly on all the input clock edges, eliminating lowfrequency clock spurs.

Some clock enable sequence generators use a cyclic shift register loadedwith a seed “N choose M” pattern of M ones and N minus M zeros, aselector logic circuit such as a multiplexer (mux), a random numbergenerator, a modulo N counter, and a comparator to divide the inputclock by the M/N ratio and dither the resulting output clock. Theselector logic circuit uses the values of the seed “N choose M” patternas the enable signal for a clock gate to allow the input clock signal topass. The comparator uses an appropriate comparison of the value of themodulo N counter to output a value of one only once every N input clockcycles. The output of the comparator is used to trigger the randomnumber generator to output a random number between zero and N minus one.This random number indicates the cyclic rotation of the seed “N chooseM” pattern for use as the enable sequence of the clock gate over thenext N input clock cycles.

Other clock enable sequence generators use a kQ modulo N counter, amodulo N counter, two comparators, and a random number generator todivide the input clock by the M/N ratio and dither the resulting outputclock. The kQ modulo N counter increments by Q every clock cycle,wrapping around when the count value is greater than or equal to N, andgenerates a counter sequence that includes all unique values from zeroto N minus one, which is ensured when Q is a coprime of N. The firstcomparator uses an appropriate comparison of the value of the kQ moduloN counter to output M ones and N minus M zeros over N input clockcycles. The output of the first comparator is used as an enable signalfor a clock gate such that when the comparator outputs a one, the clockgate is enabled and the input clock is allowed to pass. The secondcomparator uses an appropriate comparison of the value of the modulo Ncounter to output a value of one only once every N input clock cycles.The output of the second comparator is used to trigger the random numbergenerator to output a random number between zero and N minus one. The kQmodulo N counter is overwritten with the random number, rotating the “Nchoose M” pattern output by the first comparator and dithering theoutput clock signal.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example clock waveform generated using ditheredinteger division. This example waveform shows an input clock waveform110, a counter value 120 ranging from zero to N minus one, whichincrements each input clock cycle, a random number 130 for N clockcycles, and two divided clock waveforms. The first divided clockwaveform 140 results from a 1/N clock divider that suppresses N minusone clock cycles and allows one output clock cycle for every N inputclock cycles. The second divided clock waveform 150 results from an(N−1)/N clock divider that suppresses one clock cycle and allows N minusone output clock cycles for every N input clock cycles. Both the 1/Nclock divider and the (N−1)/N clock divider are dithered by generating arandom number between zero and N minus one, for example, using a linearfeedback shift register. The random number is compared to counter value120 for each clock cycle and when the two are the same, the 1/N clockdivider allows an output clock cycle and the (N−1)/N clock dividersuppresses a clock cycle. Signal spurs are avoided by distributing thelow frequency digital activity randomly on high frequency clock edges.

For example, block 170 represents N cycles of input clock 110. Countervalue 120 cycles through zero to N minus one over the course of those Ncycles. The linear feedback shift register output 130 in block 170 istwo. Divided clock 140 compares counter value 120 for each input clock110 cycle to the random number 130. Until the two are equal, dividedclock 140 suppresses all clock cycles. When counter value 120 is two, itis equal to the random number 130 and divided clock 140 allows a clockcycle as shown at 147. Divided clock 150 also compares counter value 120for each input clock 110 cycle to the random number 130. Until the twoare equal, divided clock 150 allows all clock cycles.

When counter value 120 is two, it is equal to the random number 130 anddivided clock 150 suppresses a clock cycle, as shown at 157. In block180, a random number generator, such as a linear feedback shift registeroutputs a new value for random number 130: one. Counter value 120restarts at zero and cycles through the values zero to N minus one againover the course of the next N cycles of input clock 110. Divided clock140 suppresses all clock cycles except when counter 120 reaches one,when it allows a clock cycle as shown at 148. Divided clock 150 allowsall clock cycles except when counter 120 reaches one, when it suppressesa clock cycle as shown at 158. However, dithering in this manner is onlyeffective for some M/N ratios and cannot be relied upon to dither everyfractional output clock required by an IC.

FIG. 2A illustrates an example M by N clock divider 200A with an exampleclock enable sequence generator 270A for use in dithered M by N clockdivision. In this example, M is three and N is seven, such that the M/Nratio is 3/7 meaning that for every seven input clock cycles, threeclock cycles are output by clock divider 200A. Clock divider 200Aincludes clock enable sequence generator 270A and clock gate 230A. Clockgate 230A can be any appropriate clock gating mechanism, such as an ANDgate or an integrated clock gating cell including an AND gate and alatch. Clock gate 230A receives input clock 205 and an enable sequencefrom clock enable sequence generator 270A. Clock enable sequencegenerator 270A includes an N-bit cyclic shift register 210A loaded witha seed “N choose M” pattern of M ones and N minus M zeros, an enable mux220A with N inputs and one output, a modulo N counter 240A, a comparator250A, and a random number generator 260A. The seed “N choose M” patternof M ones and N minus M zeros loaded in cyclic shift register 210A inthis example is [1 0 0 1 0 1 0], which allows the first, fourth, andsixth input clock cycles 205 to be output from the clock divider asdithered output clock 265. The seed pattern [1 0 0 1 0 1 0] is loadedinto cyclic shift register 210A as [b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6] into the firstseven bits of the shift register.

Each bit of cyclic shift register 210A is coupled to enable mux 220A asan input. Clock enable sequence generator 270A uses the enable mux 220Ato implement rotations of the seed pattern stored in cyclic shiftregister 210A, but any appropriate selector logic can be used. Theoutput of enable mux 220A is used as the enable signal for clock gate230A. For example, enable mux 220A selects the first bit of cyclic shiftregister 210A, b0, as its output and cyclic shift register 210A rotateseach value of the seed pattern [1 0 0 1 0 1 0] through b0 of the cyclicshift register to serve as the enable signal for clock gate 230A for thenext N input clock cycles. Clock gate 230A allows the first, fourth, andsixth input clock cycles 205 to be output from clock divider 200A asdithered output clock 265.

To randomize the enable signal for clock gate 230A and dither the outputclock signal 265, modulo N counter 240A counts N clock cycles beforewrapping around to zero. The value of modulo N counter 240A is comparedto zero using comparator 250A. Comparator 250A is a digital comparatorthat compares the value of modulo N counter 240A to zero, but anyappropriate comparison that results in comparator 250A triggering randomnumber generator 260A after every N clock cycles may be used, such asequal to one or greater than N minus two, for example. When the value ofmodulo N counter 240A is equal to zero, random number generator 260Agenerates a random number between zero and N minus one. Random numbergenerator 260A can be any appropriate random or pseudorandom numbergenerator, such as a random number generator using a linear feedbackshift register (LFSR) followed by multiplication and rounding, forexample.

The random number is input as a selection signal to enable mux 220A toindicate which bit of cyclic shift register 210A should be used as theenable signal for the next N clock cycles to implement one of the Npossible rotations of the seed pattern. For example, the random numberis one so the seed pattern [1 0 0 1 0 1 0] is rotated by one bit, suchthat the second bit, zero, becomes the first bit, etc., and the seventhbit, zero, becomes the sixth bit. The first bit, one, wraps around andbecomes the seventh bit, resulting in a rotated seed pattern of [0 0 1 01 0 1]. To implement the rotated seed pattern and the random numberselection signal, enable mux 220A selects the second input, the secondbit b1 of cyclic shift register 210A, to output as the enable signal forthe clock gate. In another example, the random number is six so the seedpattern [1 0 0 1 0 1 0] is rotated by six bits, such that the seventhbit, zero, becomes the first bit and the first bit, one, becomes thesecond bit, etc., resulting in a rotated seed pattern of [0 1 0 0 1 01]. To implement the rotated seed pattern and the random numberselection signal, enable mux 220A selects the seventh input, the seventhbit b6 of cyclic shift register 210A, to output as the enable signal forthe clock gate.

Clock enable sequence generator 270A and clock divider 200A can beadapted to any M/N ratio, as illustrated in FIG. 2B by examplereconfigurable M by N clock divider 200B. Reconfigurable clock divider200B functions largely the same as clock divider 200A, and includesclock enable sequence generator 270B and clock gate 230B. Clock enablesequence generator 270B includes a variable length cyclic shift register210B with a maximum bit length of MAX, an enable mux 220B with MAXinputs and one output, a variable modulo counter 240B, a comparator250B, and a random number generator 260B.

To adapt to any values of M and N less than or equal to MAX, variablelength cyclic shift register 210B adjusts to the appropriate length Nusing shift register shortening and is loaded with a seed “N choose M”pattern of M ones and N minus M zeros. In some examples, variable lengthcyclic shift register 210B includes a multiplexor or other selectorlogic circuit between every two consecutive shift register elements,which chooses between the bit stored in the previous shift registerelement and the bit stored in the “wrap around” shift register element.For example, in cyclic shift register 210A, the multiplexors betweenevery two consecutive shift register elements would select between thebit stored in the previous shift register element and the bit stored inthe b0 shift register element. The length of variable length shiftregister 210B is changed by instructing the multiplexor between the Nminus one shift register element and the N shift register element tooutput the bit stored in the “wrap around” shift register elementinstead of the bit stored in the N shift register element.

Variable modulo counter 240B adjusts to the appropriate value of N byupdating a programmable comparator used to determine the wrap-aroundpoint of the counter. Random number generator 260B updates its range tozero through N minus one. In some examples, random number generator 260Bincorporates an LFSR, an integer multiplier, and rounding logic togenerate uniform random numbers between zero and any integer N minusone. The range of random numbers can be updated by changing the outputmultiplication factor. Enable mux 220B remains the same, with MAX inputsand one output. Reconfigurable clock divider 200B then functions asclock divider 200A does to generate a dithered output clock signal 265.

To adapt to an updated M/updated N ratio, variable length cyclic shiftregister 210B adjusts to the updated length N using shift registershortening as described above and is loaded with a seed “updated Nchoose updated M” pattern of updated M ones and updated N minus updatedM zeros. In some ICs, variable length cyclic shift register 210B isloaded by pattern generator 280. Pattern generator 280 can include alook up table 285 containing a plurality of seed patterns to accommodatea variety of M/N ratios, including the original M/N and updatedM/updated N ratios. Pattern generator 280 includes look up table 285,but the new seed pattern may be generated by any appropriate means. Thenumber of seed patterns stored in look up table 285 can be chosen toaccommodate the M/N ratios required by the IC. Variable modulo counter240B adjusts to the value of updated N and random number generator 260Bupdates its range to zero through updated N minus one as describedabove. Reconfigurable clock divider 200B then functions as clock divider200A does to generate a dithered output clock signal 265 at the updatedM/updated N ratio. Reconfigurable clock divider 200B allows the sameclock divider to be used for multiple M/N ratios, reducing the number ofclock dividers necessary to fulfill the IC's clock divisionrequirements.

In some ICs, pattern generator 280 loads an updated seed pattern of thecurrent M/N ratio into variable length cyclic shift register 210B atrandom intervals, without the need for adjustment to a new value of M orN. Replacing the seed pattern at random intervals further improves therandomization of the output clock signal over the high frequency clockedges. For example, for the M/N ratio of 3/7, different seed patternsinclude [1 0 0 1 0 1 0], [1 1 1 0 0 0 0], etc. These seed patternsinclude three ones and four zeros, but are not rotated versions of thesame base seed pattern. The seed patterns stored in the look up tablecan be chosen based on the desired flatness of the resulting spectrum ofthe dithered output clock. For example, the resultant spectrum can beflatter where the look up table includes patterns in which the ones arespread apart approximately equally through the seed pattern and patternsin which the ones are clustered together within the seed pattern. Thenumber of seed patterns stored in the look up table for each M/N ratiocan be chosen to balance the need for new seed patterns to improve theflatness of the final spectrum of the dithered clock and the resultingtotal size of the look up table and speed with which the seed patternscan be found in the look up table to replace the current seed pattern invariable length cyclic shift register 210B. The random intervals afterwhich the pattern generator 280 replaces the current seed pattern with anew seed pattern can be chosen based on the particular application forthe IC.

FIG. 3 illustrates example values of components within M by N clockdivider 200A over time. As described previously, clock divider 200Aimplements an M/N ratio of 3/7, meaning that for every seven input clockcycles, three clock cycles are output by clock divider 200A. The examplevalues shown in FIG. 3 include an input clock 310, a counter value 320ranging from zero to N minus one from modulo N counter 240A, an outputclock 330 without dithering, a random number value 340 from randomnumber generator 260A, and an output clock 350 with dithering from clockgate 230A. Blocks 385, 390, and 395 each represent N cycles of inputclock 310. In block 385, the random number value 342 generated by randomnumber generator 260A is zero and the seed pattern [1 0 0 1 0 1 0]serves as the enable sequence for clock gate 230A, such that both theoutput clock 330 without dithering and output clock 350 with ditheringshow output clock cycles corresponding to the first, fourth, and sixthinput clock cycles 310. Output clock 330 without dithering repeats thisseed pattern and the low frequency digital activity on the same highfrequency clock edges of input clock 310 for each of blocks 385, 390,and 395, allowing signal spurs and compromising the spurious freedynamic range of the IC.

In contrast, output clock 350 with dithering randomizes which inputclock cycles 310 correspond to output clock cycles. For example, inblock 390, the counter value 320 from modulo N counter 240A wraps aroundto zero and comparator 250A triggers random number generator 260A togenerate a new random number 340. In block 390, the random number value344 from random number generator 260A is six, rotating the seed pattern[1 0 0 1 0 1 0] by six bits and resulting in a rotated seed pattern of[0 1 0 0 1 0 1]. Enable mux 220A selects the seventh input, the seventhbit b6 of cyclic shift register 210A, to output as the enable sequencefor clock gate 230A and output clock 350 with dithering shows outputclock cycles corresponding to the second, fifth, and seventh input clockcycles 310 of block 390.

In block 395, the counter value 320 from modulo N counter 240A wrapsaround to zero and comparator 250A triggers random number generator 260Ato generate a new random number 340. In block 395, the random numbervalue 346 from random number generator 260A is one, rotating the seedpattern [1 0 0 1 0 1 0] by one bit and resulting in a rotated seedpattern of [0 0 1 0 1 0 1]. Enable mux 220A selects the second input,the second bit b1 of cyclic shift register 210A, to output as the enablesequence for clock gate 230A and output clock 350 with dithering showsoutput clock cycles corresponding to the third, fifth, and seventh inputclock cycles 310 of block 395. Output clock 350 implements a randomizedrotation of the seed pattern [1 0 0 1 0 1 0] every N input clock cycles310, such that the output clock cycles 350 correspond to different inputclock cycles 310 in each of blocks 385, 390, and 395. This randomizeddistribution of the output clock cycles 350 and the low frequencydigital activity on high frequency clock edges by M by N clock divider200A reduces the likelihood of signal spurs and protects the spuriousfree dynamic range of the IC.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example M by N clock divider 400A with an exampleclock enable sequence generator 470A for use in dithered M by N clockdivision. In this example, M is three and N is seven, such that the M/Nratio is 3/7 and for every seven input clock cycles, three clock cyclesare output by clock divider 400A. Clock divider 400A includes clockenable sequence generator 470A and clock gate 430A. Clock gate 430A canbe any appropriate clock gating mechanism, such as an AND gate or anintegrated clock gating cell including an AND gate and a latch. Clockgate 430A receives input clock 405 as the input and receives an enablesequence from clock enable sequence generator 470A. Clock enablesequence generator 470A includes a kM modulo N counter 410A, acomparator 420A, a modulo N counter 440A, a comparator 450A, and arandom number generator 460A. kM modulo N counter 410A increments by Mevery clock cycle, wrapping around when the counter value is greaterthan N minus one and generating a permuted sequence of values from zeroto N minus one.

For example, here M is three and N is seven, so kM modulo N counter 410Ashows a sequence of [0 3 6 2 5 1 4] over the first N input clock cycles405. Comparator 420A is a digital comparator that compares the currentvalue of kM modulo N counter 410A to M such that when the current valueof kM modulo N counter 410A is less than M, comparator 420A outputs aone. When the current value of kM modulo N counter 410A is greater thanor equal to M, comparator 420A outputs a zero. The output of comparator420A is used as the enable signal for clock gate 430A. For example,where kM modulo N counter 410A shows a sequence of [0 3 6 2 5 1 4] overN input clock cycles 405, the output of comparator 420A and enablesignal for clock gate 430A is [1 0 0 1 0 1 0]. Clock gate 430A allowsthe first, fourth, and sixth input clock cycles 405 to be output fromclock divider 400A as output clock 465.

To randomize the enable signal for clock gate 430A and dither outputclock signal 465, modulo N counter 440A counts N clock cycles beforewrapping around to zero. The value of modulo N counter 440A is comparedto zero using comparator 450A. Comparator 450A is a digital comparatorand compares the value of modulo N counter 440A to zero, but anyappropriate comparison that results in comparator 450A triggering randomnumber generator 460A after every N clock cycles may be used, such asequal to one or greater than N minus two, for example. When the value ofmodulo N counter 440A is equal to zero, random number generator 460Agenerates a random number between zero and N minus one. Random numbergenerator 460A can be any appropriate random or pseudorandom numbergenerator, such as a random number generator using a linear feedbackshift register followed by multiplication and rounding, for example.

The random number generated by random number generator 460A is used tooverwrite the current value of kM modulo N counter 410A and restart thekM modulo N sequence at a new seed value. For example, the random numbergenerated by random number generator 460A is six, so the kM modulo Nsequence [0 3 6 2 5 1 4] becomes [6 2 5 1 4 0 3], which in turn leadsthe output of comparator 420A and enable signal for clock gate 430A tobe [0 1 0 1 0 1 0]. Clock gate 430A allows the second, fourth, and sixthinput clock cycles 405 to be output from clock divider 400A as outputclock 465. In another example, the random number generated by randomnumber generator 460A is three, so the kM modulo N sequence [0 3 6 2 5 14] becomes [3 6 2 5 1 4 0], which in turn leads the output of comparator420A and enable signal for clock gate 430A to be [0 0 1 0 1 0 1]. Clockgate 430A then allows the third, fifth, and seventh input clock cycles405 to be output from clock divider 400A as output clock 465.

Clock enable sequence generator 470A uses comparator 420A to determineif the value of kM modulo N counter 410A is less than M, but anyappropriate comparison that results in comparator 420A outputting M onesand N minus M zeros may be used. For example, comparator 420A mayinstead determine if the value of kM modulo N counter 410A is greaterthan M. In this example, the kM modulo N counter 410A sequence [0 3 6 25 1 4] over N input clock cycles 405 prompts the output of comparator420A and enable signal for clock gate 430A to be [0 0 1 0 1 0 1]. Clockgate 430A allows the third, fifth, and seventh input clock cycles 405 tobe output from clock divider 400A as output clock 465. Note that thegreater than M comparison used here is effective because (N−1)−M=M, or(7−1)−3=3. The greater than M comparison may not be appropriate for allvalues of M and N. A greater than or equal to N minus M comparison willwork for any values of M and N. In some examples, the comparatorcompares the value of the counter against a look-up table of any Munique count values out of N values.

Clock enable sequence generator 470A and clock divider 400A can beadapted to any M/N ratio, as illustrated in FIG. 4B by reconfigurableclock divider 400B. Reconfigurable clock divider 400B functions largelythe same as clock divider 400A, and includes clock enable sequencegenerator 470B and clock gate 430B. Clock enable sequence generator 470Bincludes a variable kQ modulo N counter 410B, a comparator 420B, avariable modulo counter 440B, a comparator 450B, and a random numbergenerator 460B. Variable kQ modulo N counter 410B increments by Q everyclock cycle, generating a permuted sequence of values from zero to Nminus one. Any value of Q may be used as long as the counter sequenceincludes all unique values from zero to N minus one, which is ensuredwhen Q is a coprime of N.

Two numbers are coprime if the only positive integer that divides bothof them is one. kM modulo N counter 410A works effectively for clocksequence generator 470A because M, three, and N, seven, are coprimes. Asanother example, Q is five and N remains seven. Because five and sevenare coprimes, the variable kQ modulo N counter 410B shows a sequence of[0 5 3 1 6 4 2], which includes all unique values from zero to N minusone, six. The kQ modulo N counter sequence [0 5 3 1 6 4 2] prompts theoutput of comparator 420B and enable signal for clock gate 430B to be [10 0 1 0 0 1] and clock gate 430B allows the first, fourth, and seventhinput clock cycles 405 to be output as dithered output clock 465. A Qvalue of one is appropriate for any value of N and causes the variablekQ modulo N counter 410B to show the non-permuted sequence [0 1 2 . . .N−1].

The kM modulo N counter 410A generates a permuted sequence of allintegers between zero and N minus one because M and N are coprime. For apair of numbers M2 and N2 that are not themselves coprimes but can bereduced to a set of coprimes M and N, e.g. M2/N2=(RM)/(RN), the sequencegenerated by a kM2 modulo N2 counter is periodic over N, not N2, andeach value in the sequence for M2 and N2 is R times the correspondingvalue in the sequence for M and N. Using comparator 420B to compare theM2/N2 sequence to M2, R times M, gives the same output signal as thecomparison of the M/N sequence to M. Thus, reconfigurable clock divider400B can be adapted to accommodate such pairs of numbers, but willgenerate the same sequence for M2 and N2 as for M and N.

To adapt to any value of N and M, variable kQ modulo N counter 410Badjusts to the appropriate value of N and an appropriate Q value isimplemented. In some examples, variable kQ modulo N counter 410B uses aprogrammable comparator to determine the wrap-around point of thecounter. The wrap-around point and the comparison can be changed toaccommodate any value of N. Comparator 420B is adapted to ensure thecomparison results in M ones and N minus M zeros. Variable modulocounter 440B adjusts to the appropriate value of N. In some examples,variable modulo N counter 440B uses a comparator to determine thewrap-around point of the counter, which can be programmed to accommodateany value of N.

Random number generator 460B updates its range to zero through N minusone. In some examples, random number generator 460B incorporates anLFSR, an integer multiplier, and rounding logic to generate uniformrandom numbers between zero and any integer N minus one. The range ofrandom numbers can be updated by changing the output multiplicationfactor. Reconfigurable clock divider 400B then functions as clockdivider 400A does to generate a dithered output clock signal 465. Toadapt to an updated M/updated N ratio, variable kQ modulo N counter 4106adjusts to the value of updated N and an appropriate Q value isimplemented.

In some ICs, an appropriate Q value is selected by pattern generator480. Pattern generator 480 can include a look up table 485 containing aplurality of values for N and associated coprime Qs for each value of N.The number of values for N and the number of associated coprime Qs foreach value of N can be chosen to accommodate the M/N ratios required bythe IC. Pattern generator 480 includes look up table 485, but anyappropriate means of generating a coprime of N may be used, such as arandom or pseudorandom number generator selecting from a set of coprimesof N. Comparator 420B is adapted to ensure the comparison results inupdated M ones and updated N minus updated M zeros and variable modulocounter 440B adjusts to the appropriate value of N. Random numbergenerator 460B updates its range to zero through updated N minus one.Reconfigurable clock divider 400B then functions as clock divider 400Adoes to generate a dithered output clock signal 465 at the updatedM/updated N ratio.

Reconfigurable clock divider 400B allows the same clock divider to beused for multiple M/N ratios, reducing the number of clock dividersnecessary to fulfill the IC's clock division requirements. In some ICs,pattern generator 480 also selects an updated Q value for variable kQmodulo N counter 410B to implement at random intervals, without the needfor adjustment to a new value of M or N. Replacing the value of Q atrandom intervals further improves the randomization of the output clocksignal over the high frequency clock edges. The random intervals afterwhich the value of Q for the kQ modulo N counter is changed can bechosen based on the particular application for the IC and the number ofcoprimes for a particular N value.

FIG. 5 illustrates example values of components within M by N clockdivider 400A over time. As described previously, clock divider 400Aimplements an M/N ratio of 3/7, meaning that for every seven input clockcycles, three clock cycles are output by clock divider 400A. The examplevalues shown include input clock 510, a counter value 520 for each inputclock cycle 510 ranging from zero to N minus one from modulo N counter440A, a counter value 530 for each input clock cycle 510 ranging fromzero to N minus one from an M modulo N counter without random numberoverwriting, an output clock 540 without dithering, a random numbervalue 550 from random number generator 460A, a counter value 560 foreach input clock cycle 510 ranging from zero to N minus one from kMmodulo N counter 410A, and an output clock 570 with dithering from clockgate 430A. Blocks 585, 590, and 595 each represent N cycles of inputclock 510.

In block 585, the random number value 552 generated by random numbergenerator 460A is zero so the counter value 560 from kM modulo N counter410A is the same sequence as counter value 530 from the M modulo Ncounter without random number overwriting: [0 3 6 2 5 1 4]. Both resultin an enable sequence of [1 0 0 1 0 1 0] for clock gate 430A and bothoutput clock 540 without dithering and output clock 570 with ditheringshow output clock cycles corresponding to the first, fourth, and sixthinput clock cycles 510. In blocks 590 and 595, counter value 530 fromthe M modulo N counter without random number overwriting repeats thesame sequence [0 3 6 2 5 1 4] and leads to the same pattern of outputclock cycles in output clock 540 without dithering. This puts the lowfrequency digital activity on the same high frequency clock edges ofinput clock 510 for each of blocks 585, 590, and 595, allowing signalspurs on those clock edges and compromising the spurious free dynamicrange of the IC.

In contrast, output clock 570 randomizes which input clock cycles 510correspond to output clock cycles. For example, in block 590, the Ncounter value 520 wraps around to zero and comparator 450A triggersrandom number generator 460A to generate a new random number 554, six.Counter value 560 from kM modulo N counter 410A is rewritten to randomnumber 554, which rotates the M modulo N sequence [0 3 6 2 5 1 4] to [62 5 1 4 0 3]. This leads output clock 570 with dithering to show outputclock cycles corresponding to the second, fourth, and sixth input clockcycles 510 of block 590. In block 595, N counter value 520 from modulo Ncounter 440A wraps around to zero and comparator 450A triggers randomnumber generator 460A to generate a new random number 556, three.Counter value 560 from kM modulo N counter 410A is rewritten to randomnumber 556, which rotates the M modulo N sequence [0 3 6 2 5 1 4] to [36 2 5 1 4 0]. This leads output clock 570 with dithering to show outputclock cycles corresponding to the third, fifth, and seventh clock cycles510 of block 590. Output clock 570 with dithering implements arandomized rotation of the M modulo N sequence [0 3 6 2 5 1 4] every Ninput clock cycles 510, such that the output clock cycles 570 correspondto different input clock cycles 510 in each block of N input clockcycles, such as blocks 585, 590, and 595. This randomized distributionof the output clock cycles 570 and the low frequency digital activity onhigh frequency clock edges by M by N clock divider 400A reduces thelikelihood of signal spurs and protects the spurious free dynamic rangeof the IC.

In this description, the term “couple” or “couples” means either anindirect or direct wired or wireless connection. Thus, if a first devicecouples to a second device, that connection may be through a directconnection or through an indirect connection via other devices andconnections. The recitation “based on” means “based at least in parton.” Therefore, if X is based on Y, X may be a function of Y and anynumber of other factors.

Modifications are possible in the described embodiments, and otherembodiments are possible, within the scope of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A fractional clock divider comprising: a kQmodulo N counter having inputs to receive an input clock signal and anoverwrite signal, the kQ modulo N counter also having an output; a firstcomparator having an input to receive the kQ modulo N counter output,the first comparator also having an output to provide a clock enablesequence, wherein over N input clock cycles, the first comparator is tooutput a value of one for M of the N input clock cycles and a value ofzero for a remainder of the N input clock cycles; a clock gate havinginputs to receive the input clock signal and the clock enable sequence,the clock gate also having an output to provide a divided clock signal;a modulo N counter, having an input to receive the input clock signal,the modulo N counter also having an output; a second comparator havingan input to receive the modulo N counter output, the second comparatoralso having an output, wherein over N input clock cycles, the secondcomparator is to output a value of one for one input clock cycle and avalue of zero for a remainder of the N input clock cycles; and a randomnumber generator having an input to receive the second comparatoroutput, the random number generator also having an output to provide theoverwrite signal, wherein the random number generator is to output anumber between zero and N minus one.
 2. The fractional clock divider ofclaim 1, wherein the random number generator comprises a linear feedbackshift register.
 3. The fractional clock divider of claim 1, furthercomprising: a pattern generator configured to generate an updated Q forthe kQ modulo N counter, the updated Q comprising a coprime of N.
 4. Thefractional clock divider of claim 3, wherein the pattern generatorcomprises a look up table, the look up table comprising one or more setsof Q values, each set of Q values associated with a unique N value andeach Q value in each set of Q values comprising a coprime of theassociated unique N value.
 5. The fractional clock divider of claim 1,wherein M, N, and Q are programmable.
 6. The fractional clock divider ofclaim 1, wherein the kQ modulo N counter increments by Q and the kQmodulo N counter output comprises a permuted sequence of every valuebetween zero and N minus one.